英语长难句

became active and engaged participants in the classroom debates。注意表语从句由and so连接了两个谓语cottoned on to和became active and engaged participants，并且cottoned on to后的宾语也由how引导的从句充当。 【词汇】cottoned on to理解; engaged投入的 【译文】 有意思的是，通过讲述可能发生在身边与自己息息相关的例子，学生们很快地理解了权利与责任间的相互作用是怎样影响他们的生活，然后更积极主动地参加课堂讨论。 59. It was refreshing, across the age groups of the children I met, to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives. 【分析】across the age groups of the children I met是插入语。去掉可以得到It was refreshing to see…是主句，see后面的宾语是and连接的两个how引导的句子充当：how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how…。其中with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me作插入语，也是句子的伴随状语。将插入语去除完整的句子是It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives。第二个从句中，谓语say后仍然是由how引导的名词性从句how relevant they were to their daily lives充当宾语。 【翻译难点】形式主语，通常是先翻译真正的主语，然后接上“…., 这是….的”。Refreshing在此处理解为“让人高兴的”。 【译文】看到我遇到的同年龄段孩子们那么迅速地领会人权的整体观念，并且在我和他们的老师只给了一点儿提示的情况下，认识到人权与他们的生活如何密切相关，这让人感到兴奋。 58. Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs very little—around $2, down from $20 in 2001—but allows the manufacturer to increase the price of the handset by far more, and opens up a new market for high-margin accessories. 【分析】破折号之间是插入语，作上文costs very little的具体解释说明。以连词为切入点，得到Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone是非谓语动词作主语，costs…but allows…, and opens up…是并列结构。 【词汇】opens up a new market for开辟…的市场；high-margin高利润；accessory

配件，配饰 【译文】在手机里添加一个蓝牙芯片的成本很低——从2001年时的20美元下降到2美元左右——但允许制造者提高远远高出这个的价格，并且打开一个高利润附件的市场。 57. The trouble is, as soon as you’ve been given a clean bill of health you’re back

1 / 19

at your desk, facing the same situation that led to depression and compulsive behavior problems in the first place. 【分析】本句的最大难点是容易将逗号之间看成是插入语。逗号前是is, 后面是facing，如果是插入语的话不可以将进行时态拆开。主干是一个主系表结构The trouble is…，表语部分由从句充当。在表语从句中，包含as soon as引导的时间状语从句as soon as you’ve been given a clean bill of health，翻译为“一……就……”。you’re back at your desk是主句。现在分词短语facing the same

situation…作you’re back at your desk的伴随状语，关系代词that引导的定语从句that led to depression and compulsive behavior problems in the first place修饰先行词the same situation。 【词汇】bill of health健康证明；compulsive behavior强迫性行为（compulsory course必修课） 【译文】问题是，一旦你得到清楚的健康证明，你就得立刻回到你的办公桌，首先就要面对曾导致沮丧和强迫性行为问题同样的情形。 56. In its 16 years of operation it has found the first convincing evidence for the existence of black holes, made observations supporting the theory that the universe’s expansion is accelerating and confirmed that dark matter exists. 【分析】句首In its 16 years of operation作时间状语，以and为切入点，得到主句it has found…, made…and confirmed…其中made后的宾语中，包含现在分词结构supporting the theory…作后置定语，而其中that引导同位语从句that the universe’s expansion is accelerating解释说明theory的内容；而confirmed后的宾语由that引导的名词性从句that dark matter exists充当。 【词汇】convincing evidence令人信服的证据; accelerate加速 【译文】在它运行的16年中，首次发现了关于黑洞的令人信服的证据，很多观测都支持宇宙加速膨胀的理论并确认暗物质的存在。 55. The trouble with that approach is that consumers tend to prefer devices that require simply plugging them in, without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features common to home networks. 【分析】The trouble with that approach是主语，注意此处的that相当于the，不是引导从句。表语部分由that引导的名词性从句that consumers tend to prefer devices…充当。device后是that引导的定语从句that require simply plugging them in…,关系代词that在从句中作主语。逗号后的介词短语without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features…作从句中的状语，句末的形容词结构common to home networks后置作features的定语。 【词汇】approach方法，方式；plug in插入；home network家庭网络 【译文】这一方式的问题在于，消费者喜欢的装置通常是可以简单插入，不需要创立复杂的无线电频道、安全保护以及家庭网络所共有的其他特性。 54. The teachers who took part in the program also told me of their worries that they might be force-feeding their pupils information rather than stimulating the discussion necessary to ensure they grasped the importance to them of what they were being taught. 【分析】主语The teachers 后跟who引导的定语从句。also told me of their worries是谓语部分，their worries后跟that引导的名词性从句that they might be force-feeding their pupils information rather than stimulating the discussion说明2 / 19

worries的具体内容。necessary to ensure是形容词结构修饰discussion。ensure后面的宾语是一个省略了引导词that的宾语从句they grasped the importance to them of…，grasped的宾语the importance of what they were being taught。To them是插入语，“对他们”。 【参考译文】参与节目的老师们还告诉我，他们担心自己可能是在向学生强行灌输知识与信息，而不是激励他们讨论，这些讨论非常必要，因为可以保证他们能掌握他们所学知识的要领。 53. Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study. 【分析】主语Women后是定语从句who live in areas of high air pollution，exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fires是分词结构做定语，修饰主语women。系表部分are at increased risk of heart disease and death是谓语部分。 【词汇】be exposed to暴露于；at increased risk of越来越…的风险 【译文】一项研究表明，生活在严重空气污染地区的女性，暴露在车辆尾气、燃煤发电厂、森林火灾所产生和排放的无形的微小颗粒中，越来越容易患心脏病，甚至会因此直接导致死亡。 52. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. [分析] 本句是并列结构，主干是一个简单句：Interest has arisen less through ...and more from….。并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译为：比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是…… 。 [词汇] interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣) , arise from 来自于，产生于; validity 真实性，正确性; internal quarrels内部分歧; discipline熟词僻义，学科 [译文] 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，是因为外界认为历史是一门学问，但更多的是因为史学界内部意见不一。 51. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

【分析】 本句的主干是一个not…but… 结构。注意这个结构引导的是两个方式状语。其核心词分别是inaccuracy和the daily clash。本句的主干是The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted。两个分词短语充当句子的状语。 【译文】 对新闻媒介这种令人震惊的不信任，其根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。 50. This development——and its strong implication for US politics and 3 / 19

economy in years ahead——has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting. [分析] 破折号之间是插入语，This development是主语，has enthroned…as…是谓语结构，for the first time 和in the history of the nation’s head counting是两个状语。 [词汇] implication影响；in years ahead未来几年（写作词汇）； [参考译文] 这种发展——以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响一一使得南部在全国人口普查历史中第一成为人口最密集的地区。

49. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to \"push\" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. 【分析】In the past year是时间状语, software companies是主语，have developed是谓语，宾语tools后面是that引导的定语从句，从句谓语是allow… to do的结构，transmitting引导分词结构。 【词汇】transmit传递（trans-前缀，转换）targeted目标的【译文】但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以直接将信息\"推送\"给顾客，直接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。 48.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left——all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [分析] for example插入语，The Aswan Dam主语，谓语是but引导的并列结构stopped…. but deprived…。that flood left是定语从句，后面that也可以看成so...that... [词汇] deprive…of…剥夺；in return for置换；generate产生 [参考译文] 例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及洪水留下的肥沃淤泥——这些换来的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水4 / 19

库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。 47. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, \"A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist\". [分析]引号部分是point out的宾语，A technologist thinks about objects是主干，that 引导定语从句。冒号后面是解释说明。The designer and the inventor是另一句的主语，are able to assemble and manipulate是谓语，devices是宾语，in their minds是状语，后面是定语从句修饰devices，注意这是考研翻译题中重点考察现象：动宾之间的分割结构。 [词汇] unambiguous清楚的；assemble 组装； manipulate操作 [参考译文] 正如尤金·弗格森所指出的：\"一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成能被清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言表述的过程处理的……设计者和发明者……能够在他们的脑中装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。\" 46. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. [分析] 主语是The paid manager, acting for the company分词结构做后置定语，was是谓语，in more direct relation with the men and their demands是表语。But是句中连接词，将句子分成两部分。后面句子的主体结构是he had seldom 5 / 19

that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen，注意that不是引导从句，而是相当于the，which引导定语从句修饰knowledge。而从句中the employer had often had 是主体结构，under…business是状语，now passing away是分词结构作定语。 [词汇] act for代表；have the knowledge of知道；pass away消逝 [译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而正在逐步消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下，雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的了解。 45.The \"shareholders\" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. [分析] The \"shareholders\"是主语，as such是固定词组“这样的”， had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen是谓语部分，employed by the company是后置定语，in which是定语从句。 [词汇]have no knowledge of…对…一无所知 [参考译文] 这样的\"股东\"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。 44. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large \"comfortable\" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders\" meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [分析] 主语towns后面是like引导的定语，sprang up是谓语，to house是目的状语，表示“给…提供居住场所，容纳”，classes后面是两个who引导的定语6 / 19

从句，except that引导状语。 [词汇] spring up涌现；have no relation to与…无关；dividend红利（注意区分divided） [参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的\"舒适\"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。 43. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 【分析】Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry是主语，greatly increased是谓语，the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class是宾语，as表示作为。an element是同位语，in national life是定语，representing引导分词结构修饰element。detached from the land and the duties of the landowners是分词做后置定语，修饰wealth，冒号后面是前面的分词结构的解释。 【词汇】be detached from远离；与....无关，态度题出现detached一定错误 【参考译文】这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责7 / 19

任的管理毫无关系。 42. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes. 【分析】本句是两个句子结合。在第一个句子中，if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster是从句，指门垫或炉灶没有警示语。在第二个句子中，or so the thinking has gone是一个倒装结构，正常的语序应该是or the thinking has gone so(或者说人们是这么想的)，go这个词的用法很灵活，有进展，进行的意思。时间状语the early 1980s后面是when引导的定语从句。 【译文】 幸好，如果门垫和炉子忘了提醒你可能的危险，一切成功的诉讼就会赔偿人的损失。大约自80年代初以来该想法开始传播，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。 41. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. 【分析】本句的最大难点是分号的作用。if引导状语从句，主句是分号和and共同连接的并列结构，people后面是who引导的定语从句。 【词汇】vitality重要性（vital作形容词是“重要的”） 【译文】如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。 40. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands. 【分析】 主句是I believe that。the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave是从句主语，are the same是谓语结构，后面that引导从句。冒号的内容则进一步说明globalization process的内容，三个并列结构：falling…, lower trade and investment barriers, enlarged markets,后面that引导定语从句修饰前面三个并列结构，如何看出的呢？require是原形，如果仅修饰。 【词汇】underlie强调；communication通信；barrier障碍 【译文】 我认为引起这场合并浪潮的最重要力量与导致全球一体化的力量是相同的：运输通信费用下降；贸易与投资障碍减少；市场扩大。这一切都需要扩大业务往来满足消费者的需求。 39. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. 8 / 19

【分析】本句句式比较简单，主语是一个并列结构the coming of age of the postwar baby boom和an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语动词是have limited，the opportunities of teen-agers是宾语，后面是who引导的定语从句，从句中are questioning是谓语部分，the heavy personal sacrifices是宾语，后面是involved引导的分词结构做后置定语。 【词汇】postwar战后；question质疑；the heavy personal sacrifice巨大的个人牺牲；rigid严格的，严酷的 【译文】战后婴儿潮一代的到来以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。 38. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. 【分析】本句的主体结构是it is adj. for sb. to do …., believe后面是that引导的宾语从句。从句中scientists是主语，后面是who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there定语从句修饰，谓语动词是被动语态should not be distracted by，the necessity是宾语，of…引导结构做定语，注意keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope是while引导的并列结构。 【词汇】auditor审查者；distract分散注意力；cash register收银机 【译文】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。 37. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. 【分析】本句是if引导的状语从句，从句中experiments are planned and carried out是主体部分，according to plan是状语，as faithfully as是比较级，the reports… indicate是比较的对象，主句结构是it is adj. for … to do…，measurable in dollars and cents是形容词结构做results的后置定语。 【词汇】faithfully如实地；journal杂志；perfectly完全地，非常 【译文】如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。 36. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform. 【分析】主语是An invisible border，谓语是divides，宾语是and连接的两个those，后面都接了arguing的分词结构。 【词汇】argue主张；on behalf of代表；prospect前景 9 / 19

【译文】一条无形的界限将支持计算机进课堂的人分为两类：一类人是从学生的职业前景从发思考的，另一类人想的是像教育的彻底改革这样的一些更广泛的理由。 （and如果连接两个相同结构，通常翻译成…两者：一者是…另一者是…）

35. They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 【分析】本句由两个并列句组成，第一句是一个简单句，表语是多重of结构，第二句包含一个in which引导的限制性定语从句，修饰前面的practices，从句中held和given构成并列，和前面的is构成被动概念。 【词汇】credit作名词时意为“信任,信用,声望,荣誉，学分”。Why should he get all the credit?(为什么他受到了所有人的赞扬?)This course carries three credits.(这门课程有三个学分。) You should have no trouble getting the loan if your credit is good.(如果你信誉良好，要取得这笔贷款就没有什么问题了。) 作动词时，credit表示“信任,把……归给”。He is credited with the invention.(那发明归功于他。) 【译文】它们是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，对于一个人为自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定来说必不可少。 34. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 【分析】in the American economic system是状语，it is…that…构成强调句型，强调的部分the demand of individual consumers是核心，coupled with引导分词结构，后面是the desire of … 和the desire of …的并列，that后面determine是谓语，what引导宾语从句。 【单词】be coupled with伴随；maximize 使…最大化 【翻译】因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。 33. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 【分析】本句是两个并列分句组成，有and连接。前面分句主语是The role of natural selection in evolution，谓语是was formulated，后面是时间状语。后面分句the selective role是主语的核心，of是role的修饰，in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual是修饰environment。 【词汇】natural selection自然选择或自然竞择；evolution的动词形式是evolve，意为“发展，(使)进展，(使)进化” 【译文】自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。 10 / 19

32. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high pro although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”. 【分析】本句中a lateral move是主语，that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是a lateral move的定语，promoted sb. to abandon..是谓语结构，although是连接词，I covered my exit是从句主干，by引导状语，引号里的是claim的宾语，其中逗号之间的in the manner of a disgraced government minister

是插入语。 【单词】lateral adj.平行的；block v.阻碍；profile 【译文】一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心，并阻断了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己相对高调的职业，当然，就像出丑的政府部长那样，我借口“我想有更多的时间与家人呆在一起”来掩饰我的去职。 31. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 【分析】when引导时间状语从句，it is advisable to find out…是主句，what引导从句做find out的宾语，for引导原因状语从句，for后面的逗号结构是插入语，结尾处是it引导的形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句。 【词汇】attain a certain fashion成为某种流行时尚；farfetched牵强的，无法理解的；in years to come多年以后 【译文】当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常 31. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. 【分析】本句的主句是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。非限定性的定语从句(which now more than ever seem in ample supply) 修饰spectacles。冒号后面的成分是三个并列的名词性短语，其核心词分别是critic，publisher和journalist。with a Southampton summer home是伴随状语修饰前面的the critic; who takes his meals in three star restaurants是定语从句修饰名词the publisher；the journalist后面有两个修饰，一是advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life做分词做后置定语，whose引导定语从句。 【词汇】hypocritical adj. 虚伪的 / spectacle n. 场面 / materialism n. 物质享乐主义 / participatory adj. 参与的 / democracy n. 民主 【译文】相反，我们面对了似乎比以前任何时候都多的精美但虚伪的景观：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅，激进图书的出版商在三星级11 / 19

餐馆就餐，倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者把自己的子女送进私立学校。 30. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 【分析】主语是A survey of news stories in 1996，reveals是谓语，that引导宾语从句，from authorities …to Republicans…是状语，两个who分别引导定语从句修饰前面的名词。 【词汇】tag标签；be attached to贴于，附属于；elimination消除； 【译文】一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上——从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人。 29. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, 【分析】破折号之间是插入语，主语是New ways of organizing the workplace，谓语是are，one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy是表语，which引导定语从句，谓语是被动概念，such as后面引导三个并列名词部分解释many other factors。 【词汇】downsize缩小规模；be driven by受到…的驱使 【译文】企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因素的驱动，比如设备和机械上的联合投资、新技术，以及在教育和培训上的投资。 27. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. 【分析】本句的主体结构是Dependence is marked first by…. , and then by…。with引导作为伴随状语。Tolerance原意是容忍，此处是专业含义“耐药量”。 【重点词汇】produce the desired effect产生预期的效果；withdraw取回，取消【译文】依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。 26. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology；the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, \"spatial\" thinking about things technological. 【分析】句首among the many shaping factors是状语，would single out是谓语，the country's excellent elementary schools是宾语，冒号后面是解释excellent elementary schools，三个名词结构并列a labor force，the practice和the American genius，每个名词后面都有修饰，分别是that引导定语从句，of的结构修饰，for

12 / 19

的结构修饰。 【词汇难点】shaping factors形成因素；single out挑选出；practice方式，方法；premium奖励； 【译文】在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这个国家优秀的小学教育：欢迎新技术的劳动者们：奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、\"空间性的\"思考方面的天赋。 你若安好，便是晴天。你若幸福，便是终点。If you are well , it will be a sunny day. If you have happiness, it's the end. 25. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 【分析】the change是主语，and并列两个谓语动词met和prevented，the technical requirements of the new age是met的宾语，by引导状语，the decline in efficiency是prevented的宾语，that引导定语从句。 【译文】这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。 24. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC ——including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 【分析】主句是The debate was launched by the Government，后面是which引导的非限定性定语从句，谓语部分比较特殊，是invited…sb. to say …破折号后面是anyone with an opinion of the BBC的解释说明。Say后面是两个宾语从句，一个是what引导，一个是whether 引导。 【译文】这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。 23. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your \"wares\" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. 【分析】本句话是and 连接的并列句，前面一句是While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you，and后面是另一句。前面一句句首是从句，但是是分词做状语，因为和主句主语一致被省略。主句主语是your could-be employer，谓语是is deciding，后面是whether引导的宾语从句。后面一句是简单13 / 19

句，your \"wares\" and abilities是主语，must be displayed是谓语，后面是方式状语。【译文】在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的\"商品\"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。 22. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 【分析】句首是as引导的状语从句，其中move away from后面接了三个并列的宾语，主句是and的并列句，前面分句的主语是the informal flow of information，谓语是is cut off，后面分句中with it是状语，主语是the confidence，后面that引导同位语从句。注意：后面分句本身结构是the confidence that…. is cut off，由于and前后并列，相同的词汇被省略 【译文】随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。 21. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. 【分析】本句主语的核心词汇是The great interest in exceptional children，后面是分词结构的后置定语shown in public education over the past three decades，其中over the past three decades是时间状语。谓语动词是indicates, 宾语是the strong feeling in our society, that引导分割式同位语从句解释调the strong feeling，从句中all citizens是主语，后面是插入语，谓语部分是deserve the opportunity to…。 【译文】在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中一种强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。 20. The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 【分析】本句主干是The American economic system is organized，around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy是介词短语做状语。In which引导定语从句修饰economy。其中consumers是主语，谓语动词determine后面接了一个what引导的宾语从句。those goods and services是并列结构做for的宾语，that they want most是定语从句修饰前面的名词。 【译文】美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。 14 / 19

19. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” 【分析】主干是Shapiro suggested that从句。主语前面的部分是该句的状语，其中recommendations后面接过去分词结构做修饰成分。That引导的宾语从句中consensus后面是同位语从句，解释consensus的内容，这个同位语从句中的it充当的是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。 【译文】在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是“试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。 18. Tom came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far reaching consequences for the culture of a society. 【分析】句子的主干为Tom came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism。which引导限制性定语从句，修饰linguistic determinism。在由which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词states跟了两个宾语从句：一是that language imprisons the mind，一是and that the grammatical patterns…society。in its strongest form是插入语。注意句中imprison the mind不能译成“把大脑(或思想) 关进牢房”，只能译成“禁锢思想(或思维)”。 【译文】汤姆进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。 17. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 【分析】本句中as perhaps Kelsey will…充当插入语，同时要注意其中after引导状语而不是从句，as perhaps Kelsey will是方式状语从句，而will后面省略了前面出现的重复单词discover。本句的主体结构是I have discovered that…宾语从句中主语为abandoning…and making…并列的动名词短语；谓语为bring sth结构，只是因宾语过长，而把with it状语提前。 【译文】我发觉，放弃那种“日夜操劳的生活”信念而选择“放慢生活的节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西在长期经受巨大压力后，从惹人注目的《女性》杂志编辑部退出之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的感觉。

16. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. 【分析】 这里的主语this，后面不定式短语is unlikely to produce的宾语是professional，前面的成分是修饰这个词的短语，接着是地点状语in a country，其15 / 19

中country带了两个修饰成分：前一个是形容词性的短语as large as ours，后一个是where引导的定语从句，这个从句的主语the economy有两个谓语动词：is和involves，后面都用了相似的结构so many。 【译文】另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的。

15. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 【分析】这个句子的难点在于a certain conception of the American citizen后面是同位语a character，其后是一个who引导的定语从句；该定语从句是主从复合句，其中主句是who is incomplete，if引导条件从句，这个条件从句中的谓语动词assess跟了一个how引导的宾语从句。 【译文】我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，这个公民人物如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

14. And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the US vs. Microsoft case? 【分析】此句是疑问句，主干是should one country take upon… the role，而that affect many other nations是issues的定语从句。as in the US vs. Microsoft case

是状语结构。 【译文】在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中，如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案，一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢？

13. NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. 【分析】这个句子的主语是NBAC，谓语ask后面是两个并列的宾语从句。在第一个从句中，主语是ban，谓语是be extended，ask表示“要求”，后面是虚拟语气的用法，即the 90-day ban should be extended。在第二个从句中，it指代the ban on federal funds for human cloning。 【译文】NBAC会要求将克林顿所颁布的在90天内禁止联邦基金用于克隆人的禁令无限期地延续下去，还可能要求将之立法。

12. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. 【分析】这是因果复合句，前半句是原因，后半句结果。前半句中，that means后面是一个省略that的宾语从句，其中主语是a higher proportion of what is in the sea ，谓语是is being caught 。后半句是一个比较级结构，注意recorded by changes in catch sizes是一个过去分词结构，修饰the one。 【译文】这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕杀，因此介于现在和过去这一段时间，海洋生物量的真正差别可能比捕获量所记录的变化更要糟糕。 16 / 19

11. But this was not always the case；before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. 【分析】全句由两个分句组成，前后用分号隔开。在第二个分句的主句中，before引导状语从句，，主句是it的形式主语，真正的主语是some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education。it was widely accepted意为“人们普遍认为”。 【译文】但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童在一定年龄之前必须上学，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。

10. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. 【分析】此句是简单句，主干是The rise of anti-happy art…tracks the emergence of mass media…and ….a commercial culture。with it充当状语，其中it指the emergence of mass media。另外，in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology是一个定语从句，修饰a commercial culture。 【译文】反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全与大众传媒同步出现，而随之兴起了一种商业文化，在这种文化中，快乐不仅是一个理想，而且是一种意识形态。

9. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “have it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. 【分析】主干结构是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “have it all” … into a woman。preached by… magazine是过去分词短语，作the philosophy of “have it all”的定语，插在from…into之中，也充当插入语概念。 【译文】 我从一个“全力以赴”的生活哲学——在过去七年里林达·凯尔西一直在《女性》杂志鼓吹这种生活方式——的积极倡导者，一改而成为随遇而安的女人。

8. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. 【分析】前面for引导的短语表示的是对象，主干是professional training might be the way，表语the way跟了一个不定式to go，since引导原因状语从句，从句主干结构是skills… can be the difference，all other factors being equal是一个独立主格结构，在本句中作插入语。Difference后面带了一个介词短语between… and…，and后面的not可以补足为not having a job。 【译文】但是，对一小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。

7. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical

17 / 19

education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. 【分析】句子主语是An education，后面that引导定语从句修饰主语，表语是a technical education。过去分词justified引导的短语修饰a technical education，radically different from why education is universally required by law是形容词结构做reasons的后置定语。 【译文】旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。 6. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 【分析】 本句是一个虚拟语句。If it did是从句，主句主语it后面跟了两个并列的谓语成分：一是would open up its diversity program，二是(would)look for reporters。reporters后面跟了一个定语从句。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入语，也是分词结构作program的后置定语。 【译文】 如果是这样，它就应该进一步开放其目前只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别员工的多样化项目，并进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。

5. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. 【分析】 这是一个宾语从句的并列结构，主干是this does not mean，后面接了三个并列的that从句作mean的宾语。在第三个宾语从句中， no longer openly honored是插入语。 【译文】 这并不意味着抱负已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了；而只是说明人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地坦承了。

4. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. 【分析】 本句是简单句，全句主干是This phenomenon has created serious concerns。over是“关于”的含义，人们的担忧实际包含两个方面：一是the role (of smaller economic firms， of national businessmen) ，另一个是the ultimate stability (of the world economy) 。 【译文】 这种现象引起了人们对小型经济实体、民族商人的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定性的极大关注。 3. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. 18 / 19

【分析】 本句结构简单，主句也是一个there加系动词的用法。而表语后都有一个定语从句which helps explain….，其中why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers是explain的宾语部分。alien 本义为异国的，此处是相差甚远，背道而驰。 【译文】 新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”似乎与许多读者的意趣相差甚远。

2. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 【分析】句子主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur；because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems；名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements；themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements，后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。 【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 【分析】在这个主从复合句中，it isn't clear … is injured是主句。主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的从句，而that从句之后是一个if引导的条件从句。从句由两个部分组成，中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中的many是指many warnings。 【译文】 尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。

19 / 19