海南椰雕

xx椰雕

Hainan Coconut Caving

海南椰雕指的是海南艺人使用椰子壳、柳棕、柳木为基本原料，经过手工雕刻制成的各种工艺品。由于海南是中国椰子的主要产地，椰雕也就成了海南特有的工艺品。海南椰雕主要流传于海南海口、文昌等地，于2008年入选第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。国家级项目保护单位为海口市龙华区文化馆，省级项目保护单位为文昌市文化馆。

椰子是海南岛的特产。海南岛亦称“椰岛”，是中国椰子的主要产地，产量占全国产量的99％以上。

Coconut is specialty for Hainan Island which is also known as “Coconut Island”. As the name suggests, the island is a mainproducing area in China,accounting for more than 99%of national output.

以椰子壳、棕、木为原料的椰雕历史悠久。唐代已有关于椰雕的记载。唐刘恂《岭表录异》记载： “椰子树，亦类海棕……有圆如卵者，即截开一头，沙石磨之，去之皱皮，其斓斑锦文，以白金装之，以为水罐，珍奇可爱。”唐代诗人陆龟蒙有“酒满椰杯消毒雾，风随蕉叶下泷船”的诗句。

万历《xx州府志》载：

“椰子内有坚壳，大者可为碗，小者可为杯，并以白色为贵，注酒遇毒辄沸起。唐代李卫公征蛮时，常配一椰杯带于怀中。”

《正德琼台志》记载，宋代诗人苏东坡贬儋耳（即今儋州市中和镇）时，曾拿椰壳椰棕请当地艺人雕成帽子戴，取名“椰子冠”。时因椰壳有鉴毒功能而被士大夫阶层青睐，工艺精湛的椰碗、椰杯已流行在士大夫宴席之上。宋代诗人黄庭坚答友人赠椰雕茶具诗：

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“硕果不食寒林梢，剖而器之如悬匏。故人相见各贫病，且可烹茶当酒肴。”

According to Zhengde Hainan records,the great poet Su Dongpo(1037-1101) for Song Dynasty, who was demoted to the place Daner(that is today`s Zhonghe of Daner City), once asked a local craftman to make a cap by conut shell that was called “Coconut Cap”.For conut shell has a function of identifying the poison so it was appreciated by the literati class.The conut bowls and cups with exquisite workmanship were very popular with their feasts.The poet Huang Tingjian(1045-1105) for Song Dynasty replied to his friend for giving his Coconut Carving tea set is as follows:

“Do not eat fruit cold forest,

profile and device such as hanging gourd. Old friends meet the poverty and disease, and can make tea when having food and drink.”

明清两代，椰雕产品被作为珍品进贡朝廷，有“天南贡品”之誉，时进汞的乳茶碗，其外壁为椰壳，凸雕松梅纹饰，内壁嵌银片，古朴轻巧。清雍正时期，椰雕造型纹饰及雕刻技法已十分精湛。至清末民初，椰雕器物已成为人们日常生活中的礼品、用品。抗日战争前，海南椰雕已畅销南洋诸岛和欧洲各国，还在越南河内的国际特产博览会上荣获一等将。

海口市龙华区龙泉镇富道村是著名的椰雕村。清乾隆、嘉庆年间（1736-1820年），家家户户均有椰雕作坊。全村100多人，种植椰子树1000多株，男子悉精于椰雕工艺。解放后，1953年海口市成立椰雕合作社，吸收道富村文必得等9名艺人参加，那时椰雕已出现供不应求的大好局面。1956年扩大成立海口市椰雕工艺厂，生产的椰雕先后参加苏联、捷克、波兰、锡兰、印尼、日本等国家特产博览会的展出。还获得过民主德国颁发的一枚纪念章，老艺人文必得还上北京参加了全国群英会，得到毛主席和周总理等党和国家领导人的接见，在京期间，他即席表演雕刻茶盒，获得二等奖。

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海南文昌是椰子之乡，“海南椰子半文昌”，文昌椰雕久负盛名。解放后，文昌椰雕技艺得到进一步发展和提高。1956年，文昌县人民政府扶持成立集体所有制的“文城修刻社”，以发展椰雕工艺为主，有椰雕师傅7人。生产烟灰池、椰壳碗等产品，销售岛内外。1978年文昌县椰雕工艺厂成立，拥有100多名职工，制作椰雕产品100多种，远销日本、美国、法国、印尼、俄罗斯等国。1978年制作的《鲤鱼吐珠台灯》参加全国美术工艺品展览会，荣获“优质四新产品奖”。1986年国家选派该厂椰雕师冯德鉴到坦桑尼亚传授椰雕技艺，受到该国元首接见。改革开放以来，文昌市东郊镇符史琼等30多家家庭式椰雕工艺厂相继成立，他们技艺精巧，生产椰猴、椰妹、纽扣、手提袋等。

Wenchang in Hainan is the hometown of conut, for “half of the conut in Hainan grows in Wenchang”,therefore conut carving has long enjoyed a good reputation.The techniques and skills for conut have further developed and improved since the foundation of People`s Republic of China. In 1956, Wenchang County Government supported and establisheda Carving Agency with collective ownership that called “Wenchang Carving Agency”,in which employed 7engraving master workers,mainly aiming at developing the engraving technology.The products such as ash ponds and conut shell bowls they produced were sold outside the island.In 1978,Wenchang County Carving Arts &Crafts Factory was established. The factory ,with more than 100 workers and staff,produced more than 100 variety which were sold into such the markets as Japan, the United State, France, Indonesia and Russia.The table lamp called Carp Spitting Beads was made in 1978,won a “four new product award”at National Arts and Crafts Exhibition.In 1986,China assigned a conut carving master,Ma Dejian, to Tanzania for passing on the knowledge of conut carving skill and gave an access to the country`s head of state.Since the reform and opening up policy,Fu Shiqiong and 30other conut carving family factory have set up in succession,with their exquisite skills, produced co monkeys, co sisters fasteners and carry bags.

海南椰雕的工艺有椰壳雕、椰棕雕、椰木雕三种：

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The conut carving crafts in Hainan are divided into 3categories as follows:

1.椰壳雕。以坚硬的椰子壳为原料，经过磨光、雕刻、镶嵌等工艺制作成工艺品。雕刻的手法有平面浮雕、立体沉雕、通雕和沉雕，还有用金、银、锡、角、石、骨、檀香木、花梨木、贝壳等镶嵌装饰的。雕刻的图案有人物雕（如八仙人物等）、动物雕（如孔雀鸟、凤凰等）、植物雕（如椰树、槟榔树、花草等）、自然风光雕（如五指山、万泉河等）。椰雕的成品有茶杯、茶壶、花瓶、罐、碗、盅、盘、勺、袋、纽扣等。

a.Coconut shell carving.Take the hard conut shell as materials to make arts and crafts through the process for polishing,engraving,inlaying.In terms of the technique of engraving there are plane anaglyph, three-dimensional carving,hollowed carving and heavy carving and other tessellations such as gold,silver,tin,horn,stone,bone,sandal wood,rosewood and shell are adopted.The patterns of the sculpture include figure carving(for example, the Eight Immortal Characters), the animal carvings(for example, the peacock and phoenix etc.), the plant carving(for example,the conut tree,areca catechu,flowers and plants), natural landscape( for example, Five Finger Mountain and Wanquan River). As for the finished products for conut carving,there are teacup,teapot,vase,jar,bowl,handless cup, spoon, bag, fastener and so on.

2.椰棕雕。以椰棕（椰子外皮）为原料，经过切、割、雕刻、磨光等工艺制成人物和动物造型的工艺品和日用品，如椰娃、椰妹、椰公公、椰婆婆、椰猴、椰猪、椰狗、椰猫、椰棕帽、椰棕刷等。

b. Coconut carving. Take the conut fibre(conut husk) as material to make arts and crafts based on figure and animal shapes through the process of cut, engrave, polish, such as co baby, co sister, co father, co mother, co monkey, co pig, co dog, co cat, co fibre cap and co fibre brush etc.

3.椰木雕。经过锯、车、烫、衔接、磨光、雕刻等工序，制成桌、椅、柱、梁、瓶等用具，在上面雕龙刻凤及各种花鸟图案。

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c.Coconut woodcarving.Make table,chair,pillar,beam,bottle and other utensils by means of process of cut with a saw,lathing,scald,join,grind and engrave and on the surface of them designs of dragon,phoenix,flowers and plants are engraved.

椰雕的基本特征是：

原料来自天然，全为手工操作，技艺解放前多为家族传承，传男不传女，解放后传承方式既有家族传承也有社会传承。

The essential feature for conut carving is that the raw material taken from natural, fully manual operation, before the year 1949, the skill was mostly family inheritance, and preached man not female, but after 1949, both ways prevail over family inheritance and social inheritance.

椰雕有重要价值，主要表现于：

The conut carving with important value mainly manifests as follows:

1.实用价值。椰雕自古以来为人民群众的日常生活所使用。因为原料源自天然，不受污染，还有去毒作用，有益健康。

a.Practical value.Since antiquity,people used conut carvings in daily life.Due to its natural material,it has such function for free of pollution, detoxication and salubrity.

2.审美价值。雕刻品是高尚的艺术品，凝聚着民间艺人的聪明才智。雕刻的图案有丰富的文化内涵，有很高的审美价值，常作为家庭及宾馆的摆设装饰品。更有椰雕精品，分内外几层，雕琢了上百个历史人物和生活图象、景物，令人叹为观止。

b. Aesthetic value. Coconut carved works is noble artwork,containg intelligence and wisdom of folk artisan. The patterns of the sculpture are rich in cultural connotation,high

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aesthetic value and often being arrangements and decoration in household and hotels.Furthermore,conut carving quality goods, inside and outside layers in which hundreds of historical figures,life images and scenery are engraved,indeed it is no breaths sighing.

3.经济价值。椰雕适合为家庭作坊或集体文化产业经营。

据统计部门的资料，2005年以来，椰雕年产值达3000万元，远销美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、法国等20多个国家。在海南国际旅游岛建设中，椰雕作为旅游纪念品有广阔的市场。

该项目的省级代表性传承人有：

c.Economic value.The conut carving is suitable for family workshop or collective cultural industry.According to information for statistical department, since 2005, annual value of production for conut carving has reached ￥30million yuan,finding a good sale in the markets for United State,Australia, Canada, France and 20 other countries.The conut carving as tourist souvenir has a broad market in the process of building of international tourism Island in Hainan.

The provincial level inheritors for the project are as follows: 文传述，男，汉族，1931年出生，海口市龙华区人。 文传接，男，汉族，1944年出生，海口市龙华区人。 符史琼，男，汉族，1944年出生，文昌市人。

Wen Chuanshu,male,Han nationality,who was born in 1931 in Longhua District, Haikou City.

Wen Chuanjie,male,Han nationality,who was born in 1944 in Longhua District, Haikou City.

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Fu Shiqiong, male, Han nationality, who was born in 1944in Wenchang.

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