Passage One生词释义
1. bull: 1)牛 2）（文中含义） 牛市2. run: 时期， 一段时间* bull run: 牛市期
3. dramatic: 戏剧化的
4. note: 1.（文中含义） 气氛 2. 笔记* on a dramatic note: 戏剧性地
5. all but （two pieces）: 除....之外的所有东西6. to fetch: 1）. （ 文中含义）售得（若干价钱）
*The painting is expected to fetch at least $20 million.人们认为这幅画可以卖到至少2000万美元。 2） 去（某个地方）取回 *Shannon went upstairs to fetch some blankets.香农去楼上取来一些毯子。7. auction： （名词）拍卖
* The house was sold at auction.房子拍卖出售。 auctioneer: 拍卖师
8. to call out bids; 喊出拍卖的报价
9. to file for sth： 1） （文中含义）(法律上正式） 提出申请* The Morrisons have filed for divorce： 莫里斯夫妇已经提出离婚。# to file for bankruptcy: 提出破产的申请
# file a complaint/ lawsuit (against somebody) 针对sb提出投诉/诉讼Mr Genoa filed a formal complaint against thedepartment. Genoa先生正式投诉了这个部门。
2）排队前行
* We began to file out into the car park. 我们开始排队进入停车场。
* The mourners filed past the coffin. 吊唁者排队经过棺材。
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on adramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside MyHead Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but twopieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. Itwas a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of theoldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. 在2008年9月15日伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“在我心中， 美丽永恒”拍卖会上，Damien Hirst的56部作品成功售出， 随着这些作品的售出， 艺术品市场一个世纪以来最长的牛市戏剧性地落幕了。 所有作品中只有两件没有售出， 销售额超过了7，000万英镑， 创造了单个艺术家的拍卖纪录。这是最后的胜利。 （因为）就在拍卖师喊出报价的时候， 纽约华尔街上历史最悠久的银行之一雷曼兄弟申请破产。 10. momentum: （名词）势头， 力量#gain/gather momentum 集聚力量， 发力
* The campaign for reform should start to gather momentum inthe new year.改革活动应该在新年发力。
* Governments often lose momentum in their second term ofoffice.一般政府在第二任期内会失去势头。
11. peak: 1） 顶点 2）（文中含义）巅峰 # at one’s peak: 在巅峰状态12. to reckon: 1）. 认为 ＝think
* Do you reckon he'll agree to see us？ 你觉得他会同意我们吗？2） （文中含义） 估算，估计
* We reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year inlost output。 我们估算在交通堵塞中的损失达每年90亿美元。
13. A is double B : A是B的两倍14. ego: (名词) 自我
15. greed: （名词） 贪婪 greedy: 贪婪的
16. controversy: （名词）争议 controversial: 有争议的
17. to match: （动词）1）.（文中含义） 与….相当
* His strength is matched by his intelligence. 他的力量与智慧相当。2） 与….相配
We painted the cabinets green to match the rug. 我们把壁橱油漆成绿色和地毯相匹配。
* Do you think this outfit matches? 你觉得这套衣服搭配得当吗？注意： 我们不说“matches to” or “matches with another”. 而是说 “one thing matches another” or “two things match”.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while afterrising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a researchfirm – double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come downto $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because itbrings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversyin a way matched by few other industries. 世界艺术品市场在经历了2003年起的急剧上升后， 一段时间以来其发展势头已经开始丧失。ClareMcAndrew 是一家名叫Arts Economics,研究公司的创始人， 他估计在2007年的高峰期， 世界艺术品市场的价值约为650亿美元， 是五年前的两倍。 从那时起， 它的价值可能已经降到500亿美元。 但是艺术品市场产生的利益远远超出它本身的规模， 因为它汇集了巨大的财富、膨胀的自我、贪婪、激情和争议。 其方式几乎没有哪个产业能与之相提并论。
18. to stay away from: 远离19. sector: 领域， 部门
20. guarantee: （名词） 保证金
* In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of anysort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectorsstayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell bytwo-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auctionhouses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guaranteesto clients who had placed works for sale with them. 在Hirst的作品拍卖会后的几个星期和几个月里， 任何此类的投资都变得很不合时宜。 在艺术品领域， 这意味着收藏家远离了画廊和销售店。 当代艺术品的销售额下降了三分之二， 而在最热门的领域， 那一年的销售额截止到2008年11月份下跌了近90%。 几周之内， 世界上两家最大的拍卖行， 苏富比和佳士得， 不得不支付近两亿美元把那些早已把作品交与他们出售的客户， 以作为担保费用。
21. downturn: （名词）下降， 衰退， 低迷 the current downturn: 目前的低迷状态22. on average: 平均而言23. to fluctuate: 变动， 震荡
fluctuant:： 变动的， 震荡的
24. be confident that….或者be confident about sth: 坚信…
用名词形式的话： to have confidence in sth……..注意介词的不同25. be at the bottom: 在底部
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanesestopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckonthat prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some havebeen far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive,says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.” 当前艺术品市场的下滑是自1989年底日本停止购买印象派作品以来最糟糕的一次。 这一次， 专家估计平均价位相对于峰值来讲下降了大约百分之四十， 尽管有些价格波动的幅度更大。 但佳士得的首席执行官Edward Dolman说：“我们现在已处于谷底， 对此我深信不疑。”
26. slump: （名词） 低潮， 锐减= downturn27. to keep away: 远离= to stay away from
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there arestill buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for thisspecial report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack ofdemand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt anddivorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does nothave to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return. 他指出， 与上一次暴跌不同的是目前市场上仍存在买家。 几乎每位接受这个特别报道采访的人都说， 当前最大的问题不是缺乏需求， 而是没有好的作品销售。 三D因素----death(死亡)、debt(债务)、divorce(离婚)------依然会把艺术品推向市场。 但所有那些不必出手的人正在远离市场， 等待市场信心的回归。
文章结构：本文主要就世界艺术品市场的低迷状况进行论述。
第一段：指出艺术市场上持续一个世纪的牛市结束了， 标志就是达米
安•赫斯特56部作品的出售。
第二段：回顾了自2003年至今， 艺术市场的走势情况， 即在经历了急剧的上升期后， 艺术市场的势头大减。
第三段：对低迷的艺术市场进行详细的分析。
第四段：指出尽管当前的艺术市场状况糟糕， 但佳士得的总裁仍有信心期待市场的复苏。
第五段：指出这次衰退与以往的不同之处是市场上仍存在需求， 但缺乏好的作品， 原因是许多卖主在等待未来的时机。
试题分析
1. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory”because __________.
because: 原因分析题, 通常先下再上, 即在下文中找
A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories 逻辑上说不通B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids也不能说是因C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces 也不能说是因
D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
在原文中定位It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in NewYork one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed forbankruptcy.（宣布破产，表示金融危机的来临）
2. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2,Para 3), the author suggests that __________.
对于句子解释的， 我们面对的句子有这样的特点： 句子结构很晦涩；或用了修辞手段。
A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries违背事实，因为every kind绝对化，绝对化的选项， 毙掉C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worthbuying
C与D是一致的， 所以不选。回文定位到第三段In the weeks and monthsthat followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeplyunfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away fromgalleries and salerooms. Stay away from: 我们做的是深刻的推断题， 选取正确答案的规则是：面子不同， 里子同。答案选（A）
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.’（Para2S2，3）
B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.（p3s1）D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.（尾段尾句）排除性判断题， 题干往往缺乏信号词， 所以需要一一回文定位， 加以比较和判断，由于相对繁琐费事， 我们需要“无比耐心”（Ａ）回文定位到第二段第二、三句At its peak in 2007 it was worth some$65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a researchfirm – double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come downto $50 billion
（C）回文定位到第三段首句In the weeks and months that followed Mr.Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.的spending=the art market, of any sort=generally 和in various ways, becamedeeply unfashionable=went downward, 所以（C）正确
（D） 回文定位到尾段尾句：But anyone who does not have to sell iskeeping away, waiting for confidence to return. 所以（D） 正确
（B）是无中生有，虽然有标志性的词momentum， 但回到有momentum的地方定位， 完全歪曲了愿望。正确答案应该选（Ｂ）
4. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are __________.A. auction houses’ favoritesB. contemporary trends
C. factors promoting artwork circulationD. style representing Impressionists
尾段： The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art tothe market. 从破折号后面找到线索， 很多时候破折号出现的地方也是题眼。
５．The most appropriate title for this text could be __________.A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art Auctions
C. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in Arts
这是篇章主旨题。 思路是对整篇文章做高度概括， 可以将各段的首句信息做综合处理P1s1: end
P2s1: lose momentumP3s1: unfashionableP4s1downturn /worstP5s1: slump
通过上述各句的核心词， 不难发现（C）是正确答案。
2012年
1. 家庭作业2. 粉色3. 基因专利
4. 经济萧条对美国社会的影响
2011年
1. 外部董事
2. 美国报业的重生
3. 二战后的住房风格及其由来4. 欧盟的困境
大家从这八篇来看可以总结出我在批注中说到的规律。
Passage Two：生词释义
1. to address: (及物动词)： 1）. （文中含义）对一大群人发表正式演说
# address a meeting/conference etc
*He addressed an audience of 10,000 supporters.（后面不加介词to, 或者at, in ） 他给一万个支持者做演讲。
* I was addressing a small gathering。 我在一个小型集会发表演讲
2）直接对sb说话
* She turned to address the man on her left. 她转过去对她左边的男人说话。 3）解决（问题）
# address a problem/question/issue etc
* Our products address the needs of real users.我们的产品解决了使用者的需求。
4）在（信封、包裹上）写上地址
# address something to somebody 在sth上写上地址寄给sb* That letter was addressed to me.这封信是寄给我的。
* Send a stamped, self-addressed envelope。 寄出一封贴好邮票、写好你自己地址的信封。
2. suburban: 郊区的
suburb: （名词） 郊区 a London suburb 伦敦郊区
3. throughout the evening: 整个晚上4. talkative: 健谈的5. frequently: 经常地
6. anecdote: （名词）趣闻轶事7. on the couch: 在沙发上8. to comment: 做出评论#comment on
*People were always commenting on his size.人们总是对他的大模子进行评论。#comment that
*Smith's lawyer commented that the decision was 'outrageous'.斯密斯的律师评论说， 这个决定让人抓狂。
9. to concur: ( concurred, concurred) 同意 = to agree with# concur with sth 同意sth
* The committee largely concurred with these views.10. to gesture toward his wife: 向他太太打手势11. to burst into laughter: 爆发出笑声
to burst out laughing: 爆发出笑声 （注意两个表达方法的差异）
类似的表达有burst into tears和burst out crying12. look puzzled: 看上去很迷惑
13. to spend the evening in silence: 在沉默中度过夜晚
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- awomen's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening,one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas andanecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward theend of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that theirhusbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured towardhis wife and said, \"She's the talker in our family.\" The room burst intolaughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. \"It's true,\" he explained. \"When Icome home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the
conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence.\" 佛吉尼亚郊区的一间会客厅里有一个小的聚会， 我正在做发言----这是个女性团体举办的聚会， 但也邀请了男性一同参加。 整个晚上， 一位男子特别健谈， 不断地表达自己的观点， 讲述着奇闻轶事， 而他的妻子则静静地坐在沙发上， 就在他的旁边。 那晚的聚会即将结束时， 我评论说， 女性常常抱怨自己的丈夫不和他们交谈。 这名男子即可点头表示认同。他向自己的妻子示意并且说：“她是我们家的话匣子。”闻听此言， 整个房间哄堂大笑。 但该男孩看上去却很困惑，一副受伤的样子。 他解释说：“这是事实， 我下班回到家时找不到话题好谈。 如果不谈下去， 我们将在沉默中度过整个晚上。
14. episode: 1).（文中含义） (一段)经历， 一个故事 2）（电视剧中的）一集
15. to crystallize: (一个观点/思想)在头脑中明晰
* Inside her a thought was crystallizing。 她心中的想法变得明晰起来。16. irony: （ 名词） 讽刺， 反讽17. to tend to do： 倾向于做18. pattern: 模式
19. to wreak havoc with sth: 对sth造成了毁灭
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend totalk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And
this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. 这个故事形象地表明了一个具有反讽意味的形象： 虽然在公共场合， 美国男性往往比女性健谈，但在家里他们却说话很少。 这种行为方式正严重破坏着婚姻。
20. in the late ’70s: 在20世纪70年代后期21. given: （连接词）考虑到
Given his old age, he is a fast runner. 考虑到他的年龄， 他已经算是跑得快的。
22. to amount to: (动词短语) 达到（数量）
* Time lost through illness amounted to 1,357 working days. 由于疾病损失的时间高达1，357个工作日
# not amount to much/anything/a great deal etc （否定形式表示） 算不了什么， 不重要
* Her academic achievements don't amount to much. 她的学业成绩不怎么样。* Jim's never going to amount to much. 吉姆将来不会有所作为的。
23. virtual: （形容词）1） （文中含义） 实际上的 = actual
* Car ownership is a virtual necessity when you live in the country. 拥有一辆车在这个国家实际上是必要的。
* Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area. 在这个地区找到一个便宜的地方实际上是不可能的。2） 虚拟的
* virtual reality 虚拟现实
* The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery. 这个网站可以带你虚拟游览一番艺术展
* constructing virtual worlds 构建虚拟世界
24. epidemic: （名词）1）（文中含义） 流行病 * global epidemic: 全球性的流行病25. a failed conversation: 沟通不畅的谈话
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in thelate '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book\"Divorce Talk\" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few ofthe men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millionsof cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failedconversation. 早在二十世纪七十年代末， 政治学家Andrew Hacker 就注
意到了这一行为方式。 社会学家Catherine Kohler Riessman在她的新书《离婚谈话》中说， 多数采访的女性把缺乏沟通作为她们离婚的原因， 而受访的男子则微乎其微。 考虑到目前近百分之五十的离婚率，这意味着在美国每年会有数以百万计的案例， 所以交谈不畅在显示中如同一场瘟疫。
26. to focus on: 强调= to emphasize27. tangible: 1） 明显的， 看得见的 intangible: （反义词）
* The scheme must have tangible benefits for the unemployed. 计划必须对失业者具有看得见的利益。
# tangible evidence/proof 确凿的证据
* He has no tangible evidence of John's guilt. 他没有掌握约翰犯罪的确凿证2） tangible assets/property 有形资产
28. inequality: (名词) 不平等29. to accompany sb: 陪伴sb
* Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult.14岁以下的孩子必须由成人陪伴。* Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him.不管她丈夫走到哪里， 她都伴随左右。@ 在口语中， 更常用的是go/come with: * He came with me to theairport
30. errand: （名词） 差事
*I seemed to spend my life running errands for people.似乎我一辈子都在为人跑腿。*She was always sending me on errands. 她总是差遣我。# on an errand
* I couldn't stop because I was on an errand.我不能停下来， 因为我有事在身。* He quickly set out on his errand of mercy. 他立马出发去帮助别人。
31. first and foremost: 用于强调最重要的品质、目的、原因等* Dublin is thought of first and foremost for its literaryheritage.
人们想到都柏林， 主要是由于它的文学遗产。
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands mostoften focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chancefor a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their shareof daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements anderrands. Instead, they focused on communication: \"He doesn't listen to me,\"\"He doesn't talk to me.\" I found, as Hacker observed years before, that mostwives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners,but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. 在我自己的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨往往不是侧重于有形的不平等现象， 如为了陪伴丈夫放弃自己的就业机会， 或做了过多日常生活的工作， 比如清洗、烹饪以及社交安排。 相反， 她们很在意沟通交流， 她们会抱怨说：“他不听我讲话”或者“他不和我说话”。 正如Hacker 多年前注意到的那样， 我也发现， 大多数妻子都希望自己的丈夫， 首先并且最重要的， 是成为交谈伙伴， 但很少有丈夫有着和妻子同样的愿望。
32. stereotype: 对人或事的成规老套的想法（通常是不公正的或不真实的）
# stereotype of
* women who don't fit the stereotype of the good mother. 那些女人不符合好母亲的老套想法# stereotype about
* stereotypes about the elderly 对老年人的老套想法—stereotypical（形容词）
* the stereotypical Californian - tall, fit, and tanned对加州人的老套看法是----长得高大、健美、肤色古铜色
* stereotypical cartoon scene： 老套的卡通场景33. to glare at: （愤怒地）盯着 辨别： stare at: (长时间地)盯着 peer: （费力地）看
* He was peering through the wet windscreen at the cars ahead. 他费力地透
过车前的湿湿的的挡风玻璃看。
* Philippa peered into the darkness.菲力普费力地望着一片漆黑。
glance at: （快速地）看
*The man glanced nervously at his watch. 那个男人紧张地看了一下他的表。
* In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypicalcartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held upin front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. 简言之，最能表现当前危机的一幅老套的漫画图片， 其情景是： 一个男子坐在早餐桌旁， 面前举着一份报纸， 而一名女子则生气地瞪着报纸的背面， 很想说话。
文章结构
本文主要讲述的是美国两性在沟通上的危机以及该危机对婚姻的危害。第一段: 讲述了一个例子， 导出本文话题： 在公共场合， 美国男子说话往往比妻子多， 但在家里， 他们说的特别少。第二、三段：讲述了男性这一行为对婚姻的影响
第四段：重点分析了女性的心理， 尤其是对家庭沟通的期待。
第五段: 以一幅漫画的内容再次重申了本文的主题：即良性沟通上的危机。
试题分析
从五个题干看， 大体了解到是关于丈夫和妻子关系的文章6. What is most wives’ main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to themB. Trusting them.
C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.
一看到“ what is”这是细节题， 没有什么技术含量， 回文定位。 大体判断答案在第一第二段， 但是第一段是具体的实例， 可以在第二段中找到， “although\\"this pattern\"都是提示词， 可以看到although 后面的主句是主要信息： they often talk less at home. 所以妻子期待的是丈夫“talk
more\答案为（A）
7. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” (Line 3, Para. 2)most probably means __________.A. generating motivationB. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure
“词汇习语句子”题， 大多都是超纲词， 熟词生义， 在本质上是推理题。
两个思路： 1） 正面思路： 借助于上下文（ 如在段首， 看下文， 在段尾， 看上文， 段中， 看上下文）
2） 反面思路： a. 代入验证， 如果是正确的， 顺畅的 b. 面子不等， 里子等的选项A. generating motivation （ 正面项）B. exerting influence （中性项）C. causing damage （负面项）D. creating pressure（ 负面项）
鉴于词汇推断题的思路是跳出词汇本身， 依据其前后信息的综合分析找到线索， 在第三段的第二句...most of the women ...gave lack ofcommunication as the reason for their divorces. 显然缺乏沟通给婚姻造成了破坏。 答案选（C）
注： 这里but only a few of the men....but 也是关键词
8. All of the following are true EXCEPT __________.A. men tend to talk more in public than women
B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
四排一， 三个在本质上具有相通性， 一个不同于其他三个， “三同一不”原则，差异项是个特殊项。 题干没有任何信号帮助你， 大致确定段落的位置。四道题相当于细节题, 所以需要对选项一一回文定位， 加以比照和判断。
（A中有talk, B, C D中都有conversation,
题目与选项的排序在很大程度上是一致的， 所以第六题可以大胆地选A， 我认为这条思路很重要）
A、 D在逻辑上接近， 均可回文定位到第二段首句： ...althoughAmerican men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they oftentalk less at home, 所以A和D是正确的， C可以回文定位到第四段具有instead， they focused on communication, (C）是正确的，选项（B）可以回文定位到第三段尾句，given the current rate of nearly 50% percent...原文只是提到“离婚率为50%”， 但与（B)说的“50%的离婚率是因为交谈失败造成的”， 所以（Ｂ）是错误的。
9. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
有两个解题思路：１）鉴于主旨题的思路是对整篇文章做高度概括，可以将首段和尾端的信息做综合处理，首段episode 和尾段cartoon scene 都在讲述丈夫和妻子在家中交谈方式的差异， 可见主旨是（Ｄ）
2） 根据本篇文章的篇章结构， 开头一段是episode, 本质上是个例子，而通过例子导出主题这样的“抛砖引玉”： this episode crystallizes theirony that although American men tend to talk more than women in publicsituations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreakinghavocwith marriage. 根据词句也同样选出（D） 项。（黄金原则：
第一段第一句话： 过去式= 巨不重要
第二段第一句：This episode crystallizes彻底进行了概括， crystallizes 用了一般现在时， 才是最重要的， illustrate 是抛砖引玉式的文章， 后面
的信息非常重要。
And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. 这里的this又是题眼，才是命题老师要你抓住的内容。可以解答第七题了。
10. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will mostprobably focus on __________.
A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk （account 是“叙述”的意思）
B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon。（“stereotypical”模式化的）
C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
篇章推理题的思路是根据已知段落信息推理未知段落信息， 具体到本题， 就是对最后一段简要描述的一幅漫画情景做出分析推断，接下来很可能会就该漫画的细节做具体阐述。 （B)为正确答案。 其他选项关联性都不大。 （这里关注account作“叙述， 描述”的释义）
Passage Three：生词释义
1. to perfect: （动词）完善to perfect the skills: 完善技能
perfect： （ 形容词） 完美的
automatic: 1）自动的 2）（文中含义） 无意识的, 自发的* Practicethe breathing techniques until they become automatic. 练习呼吸技巧， 直至成为无意识的
2. snack：小吃， 点心： 快餐
3. to apply: (及物动词) 1） （文中含义） 涂抹* Apply the creamevenly over the skin. 在皮肤上均匀地涂抹润肤露* apply make-up/lipstick etc 涂化妆品/ 唇膏
2） # apply to 适用于
* Do the same rules apply to part-time workers? 同样的规则适用于兼职工人吗？* The offer only applies to flights from London andManchester.这个降价只适用于从伦敦到曼彻斯特的航班。
3） # apply something to something 运用
* New technology is being applied to almost every industrialprocess.这些新技术被运用到每一个工业流程中。* These ideas are often difficult to apply in practice.这些想法很难被运用到实践中。
4） （最常用的含义）申请# apply for sth: 申请sth
* She applied for a job with the local newspaper. 她向当地报社申请了一份工作。
* We need to apply for planning permission to build a garage.我们需要申请建造一个停车场的规划许可。apply to + 机构： 向（机构）申请
*I applied to four universities and was accepted by all ofthem。我向四所大学申请， 结果所有大学都接受我。
4.lotion: 护肤液
5. wipe: 擦
6. counter: 柜台
7. without thinking: 不假思索地
8. in response to sth: 对sth做出反应， 这是个介词短语， 一般用于句末， 跟它相似结构的还有in reply to sth， in answer to,
* The law was passed in response to public pressure. 为了回应对公众压力， 通过了这条法律。
*I am writing in reply to your letter of 1st June.我对您六月1号的信函作回复。
* In answer to your question, yes, you can go.就你的问题做出回复， 是的， 你可以去。
9. a set of： ， 一系列， 一套
10. cue: （名词）提示， 暗示， 线索
*Our success was the cue for other companies to press aheadwith new investment.我们的成功对于其他公司跟上新投资的步伐是一个启示。
# a carefully designed set of daily cues: 一套精心设计好的日常暗示（ 注意： “精心设计好的”这个定语成分放在量词前面， 相似的表达法有 “ awhite sheet of paper一张白纸”
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creatingautomatic behaviors — habits—— among consumers. These habits havehelped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, applylotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to acarefully designed set of daily cues. 在过去的十年中， 许多公司完善了创造消费者无意识行为的艺术。在一系列精心设计的日常暗示影响下，消费者往往几乎不假思索地吃快餐或擦拭柜台， 这些行为习惯已经帮助公司赢得了数十亿美元的收益。
11. fundamental: 基本的12. killer: 威胁生命的东西
13. to figure out: 1)计算出； 2）（文中含义）想出， 理解
*we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits. 我们无法想出如何改变人们习惯的方法。
14. private industry: 私人企业
（industry 不一定指“工业”， 还有“行业”的意思， 如\"movieindustry\"电影行业）
“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap,that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’shabits,” Dr. Curtis， said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how tocreate new behaviors that happen automatically.” Curtis 博士说，“ 有一些基本的公共卫生问题， 比如不用肥皂洗手的习惯， 仍然威胁这人们的生命， 这是因为我们还想不出办法去改变人们的行为习惯。 我们想从私人企业那里学习如何创造新的无意识习惯行为。15. to turn to sb/sth: 转向， 指向
* As usual, the conversation turned back to her children.像往常一样， 谈话又转到了她孩子身上。* Now is the time of year when thoughts turn in the directionof summer holidays. 这是我们想到暑假的时候。* Next the Senator turned to education.接着议员谈起了教育问题。
16. subtle: 微妙的17. corporation: 公司
18. to introduce: 引进， 引入
*They want to introduce a system of identity cards.他们想引进身份证的系统、*The store have introduced a new range of food forchildren.小店引进了一系列的儿童食品。
19. routine: （名词） 惯例， 常规， 日常习惯
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollarsfinding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use tointroduce new routines. Curtis 博士所转向的公司----保洁、高露洁和联合利华----已经投资数亿美元寻找消费者生活中的微妙线索， 而企业可以利用这些线索来引入新的生活习惯。20. look hard: 仔细观察21. chewing gum: 口香糖22. skin moisturizer： 润肤露
23. to infect: 感染to disinfect: 给sth 消毒
disinfecting wipe: 消毒湿巾24. air freshener: 空气净化器
25. water purifier: 滤水器， 净水器26. perspiration: 出汗
antiperspirant: 止汗药， 防汗药27. cologne:古龙香水
28. fabric softener: 织物柔软剂
29. manufactured habits: 制造出来的习惯30. canny: 精明的
canny advertising: 精明的广告
31. campaign: （名词）1） 战役 2） （文中含义） （商业， 政
治、改善社会等方面的）活动， 运动
* Florida was a key state in his campaign for re-election. 佛罗里达是他再次进行竞选活动的关键的一个州。* an anti-bullying campaign一场抵制凌强欺弱的活动*an advertising campaign 广告活动* a campaign for equal rights支持平等权利的活动
# launch/mount a campaign 发起一场运动
* Police have launched a campaign to crack down on drug dealers.警察发起了一场打击毒品贩子的运动。
(动词） # to campaign for/against 支持/反对sth的活动
*a group campaigning against the destruction of the rainforest 这个群体抵制破坏雨林的活动。
32. 珍珠般白的牙齿
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use everyday — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners,water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits. A centuryago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today,because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americanshabitually give their pearly whites a scrub twice a day--preventing cavity,often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands。 如果仔细观察， 你就会发现我们日常使用的很多产品都是“制造”出的习惯的结果， 如口香糖、润肤露、消毒湿巾、空气清新剂、净水器、健康快餐、防汗药、香水， 洁牙剂、织物柔软剂、维生素等。 一个世纪以前， 很少有人每天多次地刷牙， 而今天， 由于精明的广告宣传以及公共健康， 许多美国人每天会习惯性地刷洗他们珍珠般白的牙齿两次， 以防止龋齿， 经常使用的品牌是高露洁、佳洁士或者其他品牌。34. beverage: （正式用语） 饮料35. to bottle sth：把sth 装入瓶中
*The whisky is bottled here before being sent abroad. 威士忌先装瓶， 然后送到国外。36. far-off : 遥远的37：spring: 泉水
38. unthinkingly: 不假思索地 = without thinking39. to sip: 啜饮
40. adolescent： 1）（文中含义） 青春期的； 青少年的 adolescent boy: 十几岁的小男孩
2)（名词） 青少年
41.to feature: 以．．．为特色， 重点突出
* The exhibition features paintings by Picasso. 这个展览重点突出毕加索的画。
* a cruise ship featuring extensive spa facilities一艘游览舰的特点是拥有大规模的spa设施
#to feature in sth: 以sth 为特点
* A study of language should feature in an English literature course.语言研
究应该以英语文学课程为特点# be featured in something
* Pupils visited some of the websites featured in the article. 学生们看了一些这篇文章中突出讲到的一些网站。# feature somebody as something 由sb 主演
* The film featured Brando as the Godfather 这部电影由Brando主演“教父”这一角色。
42. commercial: 商业广告43. ritual: 仪式， 典礼44. to slip in: 悄悄塞进
45. to put on makeup: 化妆 to put on= to apply 抹上
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Thenbeverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, andnow office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewinggum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured incommercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers — which are effective even if applied at high noon — areadvertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushingand putting on makeup. 几十年前， 许多人不会在餐外时间喝水。 后来，饮料公司开始对远处的泉水进行瓶装生产， 现在办公室人员会不假思索地整天喝着瓶装水。 口香糖在从前主要是小男孩购买的， 而在现在的商业广告中， 则被定位为饭后使用的呼吸清新剂和牙齿情结剂。 润肤霜， 即使在午间涂抹也是有效的， 被广告宣称为早晨美容仪式的一部分， 不知不觉已成为梳头和化妆之间的一道程序。46. positive: 积极的， 良好的47. essential: 必要的48. viable: 可行的
commercially viable: 在商业上可行的
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from
Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and otherproducts last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving ourconsumers’ lives, and it’s essential to make new products commerciallyviable.” 宝洁公司的汰渍、佳洁士以及其他品牌产品去年的销售额高达760亿美元。 最近刚从该公司退休的消费心理学家Carol Berning说，“当我们的产品成为每日或每周的生活模式时， 我们的产品就成功了。 创造良好的习惯是改善我们消费者生活的重要部分，同时它对于新产品能否在商业上获得成功也很重要。”49. to tie A to B: 把A和B连在一起50. relentless: 无情的， 残忍的51. to emerge: 出现
52. to erupt: 爆发 （文中含义）突然发生53. tactic: 策略， 手段=strategy
54. questionable: 可疑的， 有问题的55.beauty cream： 美容护肤霜
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berninghave learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cuesthrough relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sellquestionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. Berning博士等社会科学家通过实验与观察已经了解到： 通过大量无休止的广告所产生的力量会把行为习惯的暗示转化为特定的行为。 随着这一新的习惯科学的出现， 争议业已爆发， 比如这些策略已被应用于销售有争议的美容霜和不健康的食品。
文章结构：本文主要讲述企业可以通过一些策略来培养消费者的某些习惯， 从而
达到出售自己产品的目的。
第一段：指出一些消费习惯正是企业完善行为艺术的结果
第二、三段：讲述改变人们习惯可以借鉴企业经验， 即寻找消费者生活中的微妙线索， 以导入全新的目标习惯。
第四、五段：用各种例子阐述消费者习惯是可以培养的这一事实。第六段：引用消费心理学家的话证明创造良好的习惯可以促进新产品的销售。
第七段：再次强调特定行为是可以培养的这个观点， 但也指出了潜在的问题。
试题分析
11. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap __A. should be further cultivatedB. should be changed graduallyC. are deeply rooted in historyD. are basically private concerns
可以说是细节题， 但是不够精确， 最好为“主观态度题” -----关注： a）.强逻辑词，b. 形容词/情态词， c.及其他主观词
回文看到第二段“There are fundamental public health problems, likehand washing instead of soap, that remain killers only because we can’tfigure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted tolearn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happenautomatically.”
： health problems, like dirty hands 与killers 是联系在一起的， 而强逻辑词instead of 是表示与此相反的东西， 应该是积极的，
12. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned inParagraph 5 so as to __________.
A. reveal their impact on people’s habitsB. show the urgent need of daily necessities
C. indicate their effect on people’s buying powerD. manifest the significant role of good habits典型的例证题：
bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers是例子，
而so as to 表示要证明——：秘籍： 看项自身， 看项之间 同时看题自身， 题之间
纵观几个题目， 知道这篇文章中心是讲消费者的习惯， 所以很容易12道题就选A。
这是非常有效的思路。
在第五段中， a few decades ago, 是表示过去， 不需读，到all day long.随后出现了另外两个例子。所以要看上一段，Today, because of cannyadvertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually givetheir pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands advertising that no morning is completewithout a minty-fresh mouth. 都没能找到答案， 所以一直要找到第四段的段首句，If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the productswe use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, airfresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teethwhiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits。
13. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help createpeople’s habits?A. Tide.B. Crest.C. Colgate.D. Unilever.
这是一道“三同一不”题。 信号词products that help create people’s habits.第三段The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested得出Unilever是公司名第四段many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the otherbrands advertising that no morning is complete without a minty-fresh mouth.
14. Form the text we know that some of consumers’ habits are developed dueto __________.
A. perfected art of productsB. automatic behavior creationC. commercial promotions
D. scientific experiments
其实从13题就可以得到线索， 本文就是讲“消费者的习惯”。B指的就是习惯D逻辑不通。
定位到第四段Today, because of canny advertising and public healthcampaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the otherbrands advertising that no morning is complete without a minty-freshmouth。 Because of 与due to 相对应。
15. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’shabits is _________.A. indifferentB. negativeC. positiveD. biased
A与D不可能， 只有在B和C正相反的两项中找。 回文定位到第四段尾句和尾段首句： （1）today, because of shrewd advertising…manyAmericans habitually give…; (2) through…, social scientists….have learnedthat there is power in tying certain behaviours to habitual cues throughruthless advertising. 红色的两个形容词， 可见作者的态度是negative.
Passage Four生词释义
1. jury: 陪审团2. concrete: 具体的
* What does that mean in concrete terms?具体来看， 到底意味着什么？
* the lack of any concrete evidence缺乏具体的证据* a dialogue about concrete issues and problems一段关于具体事情和问题的对话
反义词是： abstract (抽象的)
3. crucial: 关键的 = critical4. democratic: 民主的
5. expression： （名词）体现6. values: 价值观 （复数形式）7. minimal: 最小的
8. qualification: 资格， 条件
to meet the qualification of age: 满足年龄的条件9. literacy: 识字， 有读写能力的10. competent:有能力的， 胜任的* competent to do something 有能力做sth
* I don't feel competent to give an opinion at the moment. 我觉得我没有资格现在发表意见。
11. to serve：担任 to serve as a helpful adviser: 担任一个有益的顾问12. juror: 陪审员
to serve as a juror: 担任陪审员13. random: 随机的randomly: 随机地
14. representative: （名词）代表
15. cross section: 具有代表性的实例； 典型16. community: 社区
17. to deny: 1）否定， 否认 2）（文中含义）剥夺， 拒绝给与# deny somebody something 剥夺sb sth
Nobody should be denied the opportunity for an education. 不应该剥夺任何人受教育的机会。
#deny something to somebody 不把sth给予sb
This is the only country in Europe to deny cancer screening to its citizens。这个国家是欧洲唯一一个不让公民做癌症检查的国家。
Two federal courts ruled that the military cannot deny prisoners access tolawyers. 两个联邦法院裁定， 军方不能拒绝让囚犯聘请律师。18. on account of: 由于= because of= owing to =19. national origin: 民族的出身20. defendant: 被告
21. be entitled to sth： 有…的权利， 有…..的资格#be entitled to (do) something
* Full-time employees are entitled to receive healthinsurance.全职员工有权获得健康保险。
22. 23. 24. 25. trial: 审判
peer: 1）（文中含义）同级别的人； 2）同年龄的人verdict: （名词） 裁决， 判决to represent: （动词）代表
26. conscience: 良心， 良知
27. letter of the law: 法律、规则等的字面意义 （与其整体意义或精
神相对）
28. democracy: （名词）民主29. to take turns doing sth: 轮流做30. to govern: （动词）管理， 执政
to take turns governing: 轮流执政
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucialdemocratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meetminimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve onjuries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative crosssection of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serveon a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendantsare entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent theconscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury isalso said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representativedemocracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them. 许多美国人把陪审团制度视为基本民主价值观的具体体现， 包括的原则有：所有满足年龄和读写能力最低要求的公民， 有同样的资格担任陪审员； 陪审员应该从社区具有代表性的典型成员中随机挑选； 任何公民不得由于种族、宗教、性别和民族出身被剥夺担任陪审员的权利； 被告人有权利接受同龄人的审判； 判决应该代表社会的良知， 而不仅仅是法律条文。 陪审团也被认为是现存的直接民主而非代表制民主的最佳典范。 在直接民主体制中， 公民轮流执政， 而不是选举代表替他们执政。
31. procedure: （名词）程序， 步骤32. to conflict with: 与….斗争； 冲突33. ideal: （名词）理想； 典范
34. be limited to： 限于35. to suppose: 假定
supposedly: 据推测， 一般看来
superior: 级别高的， 年龄长的intelligence: 智力moral： 道德的
character: 1）（文中含义）品质
2）角色 3）Chinese character汉字
4） 性格* He has a cheerful but quiet character. 他性格开朗又沉静。
40. Supreme Court of the United States： 美国的最高法院40. to prohibit sth: 禁止
# prohibit somebody from doing something 禁止sb 做sth
*They are prohibited from revealing details about the candidates. 他们被禁止透露候选人的细节
41. intentional： 故意的
42. discrimination: （名词） 歧视43. practice: (名词) 做法
*religious beliefs and practices 宗教信仰和做法*dangerous working practices危险的工作操作# the practice of doing something
*the practice of dumping waste into the sea 把垃圾倾倒入大海的做法
36. 37. 38. 39.
44. so-called: 所谓的 （通常含有贬义）
* The so-called experts couldn't tell us what was wrong.所谓的专家不能告诉我们到底发生了什么。
45. elite: （名词）精英， 上层人士
46. blue-ribbon: 蓝绶带的； （比喻）头等的， 第一流的47. antidiscrimination: 反歧视
anti- 是个前缀， 表示“反的”
48. to provide a convenient way around sth： 为绕过/规避sth提供便利But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with thesedemocratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited topersons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentionalracial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v.West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juriesprovided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws. 但是， 近至1986年， 陪审团遴选程序仍然与这些民主理想相冲突。 例如， 在一些州， 陪审团职责仅限于由那些被认为智商、学历和道德品格更高的人来担任。 最然美国最高法院早在1880年Strauder 对 WestVirginia的案例中就禁止陪审团遴选方面蓄意的种族歧视， 但挑选所谓的精英或蓝带陪审团的做法却绕过这种反歧视及其他歧视法律49. to fail to do sth: 未能做到sth 与 to manage to do sth 相对50. be eligible for: 合格的， 符合条件的 = be entitled to# be eligible for sth: 有资格
* Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan.业余课程的学生没有资格获得贷款。# be eligible to do something:
* Over 500,000 18-year-olds will become eligible to vote thisyear.超过50万的18岁青年今年有权利投票。
51. to exempt sb from doing sth：免除
* Charities are exempted from paying the tax.慈善机构可免交税。
52. to justify： 为….辩解， 证明…. 有道理
* Ministers must appear before parliament and justify theiractions.部长必须出现在国会前， 证明他们自己的行为是正确的。# justify doing sth 为做sth进行辩解
* How can we justify spending so much money on arms? 我们如何为花了这么多钱在武器方面而进行辩解？
53. claim: 1）（动词）（文中含义） 声称
* No responsible therapist will claim to cure your insomnia.有责任心的治疗师是不会声称能治好你的失眠症。
2） （动词）索要
# claim something back 把sth要回来
* He should be able to claim the price of the ticket back.他应该能够把票子的钱要回来。
# claim benefit/an allowance 索要好处/ 补助
*If you're still not satisfied, you may be able to claimcompensation如果你还不满意， 可以索要补偿。
54. unrepresentative: 非代表性的， 不典型的
* opinions that are unrepresentative of the population不以大众为代表的观点* to keep juries unrepresentative of women:使陪审团没有女性代表55. through sth: 在整个sth
through the 1960s: 在整个20世纪60年代
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, itwas not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for juryduty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury dutyunless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. 在二十世纪
中期之前， 陪审团制度也一直没有定期地将女性纳入陪审团成员中。虽然女性早在1898年就第一次出现在了犹他州的州陪审团中， 但直到二十世纪四十年代， 大多数周才使女性具有陪审团的资格合法化。 即使是在那时， 一些周也自动免除了女性担任陪审团的职责， 除非女性自己要求将她们的名字包括在陪审团名单中。 这种做法的解释是， 家里需要女性；于是，陪审团没有女性代表的状况在整个二十世纪都在持续。
55. to usher in: （短语）引领， 开创 （ 通常后面跟上a new era of …
开创了… 的新时代）
*The discovery of oil ushered in an era of employment and prosperity. 石油的发现开创了一个就业和繁盛的新时代。56. reform: (名词) 改革56. to abolish: 废除
57. at random: 随机地= randomly58. landmark: 里程碑， 地标59. to extend: 延伸， 伸展
to extend the requirement: 把这个要求延展60 constitution: 宪法
constitutional: 符合宪法的
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection andService Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. Thislaw abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and requiredthem to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Courtextended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of thecommunity to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sexdiscrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to
use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors. 1969年， 美国国会通过了“陪审团遴选和服务法案”， 开创了陪审团体制民主改革的新时代。 该法案废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求， 规定必须从整个社会的典型成员中随机挑选。 1975年Taylor v. Louisiana案件的裁决是一座里程碑， 根据该裁决， 最高法院把陪审团成员应该代表社会的各个阶层这一要求延伸到州的级别。 泰勒裁决还宣布在遴选陪审团成员过程中的性别歧视违法宪法， 并命令各州在遴选男女陪审团时须使用同样的程序。
文章结构
本文主要讲述了美国陪审团制度的发展。
第一段：讲述美国陪审团制度作为基本民主价值观的重要体现所包含的诸项原则
第二、三段： 讲述了陪审团制度在历史实践中存在的不民主现象， 比如遴选程序中的教育歧视、种族歧视以及性别歧视。
第四段： 讲述了美国陪审团制度1968年以来的改革和发展。
试题分析
16. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that __________.A. both literate and illiterate people can serve on juriesB. defendants are immune from trial by their peersC. no age limit should be imposed for jury serviceD. judgment should consider the opinion of the public
根据信号词the principles 和the U. S. jury system 可回文定位到第一段首句…Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression ofcrucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens whomeet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent toserve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from arepresentative cross section of the community; that no citizen should bedenied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, ornational origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and thatverdicts should represent the conscience of the community选项（D）与that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community一致。
17. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed__________.
A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
B. the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC. the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
D. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
根据信号词prior to 1968 可回文定位到第二段， 再根据the practice ofselecting so-called elite jurors 可准确定位到第二段尾句Although theSupreme Court…had prohibiting intentional racial discrimination in juryselection…..the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue ribbon juriesprovided a convenient way around this and other anti-discrimination laws 为绕过这种反种族歧视及其他反歧视法律提供了便利， 既然现实实践可以规避反歧视法律， 即可推理出“反歧视法律的不力”答案为（A）选项（B）在文中并未提及。 （C）是对第二段首句信息的歪曲， 此句不应理解为“陪审团遴选程序
18. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some statesbecause __________.
A. they were automatically banned by state lawsB. they fell far short of the required qualificationsC. they were supposed to perform domestic dutiesD. they tended to evade public engagement
根据信号词in the 1960s和women were seldom on the jury list in somestates because定位到第三段第三句：Even then several states automaticallyexempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have theirnames included on the jury list， 鉴于题目问其原因， 应想到“原因分析题”， 答案在下文，在尾句中我们看到，This practice was justified by theclaim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative ofwomen though the 1960s. 答案为（Ｃ）
19. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, __________.
A. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be
abolished
B. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federaljurors
C. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entirecommunity
D. states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jurysystem
定位到最后一段In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the JurySelection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms forthe jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federaljurors….答案选（Ｂ）
20. In discussing the US Jury system, the text centers on __________.A. its nature and problems
B. its characteristics and traditionC. its problems and their solutionsD. its tradition and development篇章主旨题：
将各段的首句信息做综合处理， 发现后三段首句信息的逻辑转承很紧密：
第二段首句：But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflictedwith these democratic ideals.
第三段首句：The system also failed to regularly include women on juriesuntil the mid-20th century.
第四段首句：In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the JurySelection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms forthe jury. This law
这三个划线的时间状语前讲两个都是1968年之前陪审团的情形， 最后
一个讲1968年后的全新情形。 答案选（D）
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容